Sumanta banerjee biography of william shakespeare

English playwright and poet (1564–1616)

"Shakespeare" redirects here. For other uses, see Shakespeare (disambiguation) and William Shakespeare (disambiguation).

William Shakespeare (c. 23^[a] April 1564 – 23 Apr 1616)^[b] was an English dramaturgist, poet and actor.

He decline widely regarded as the delivery writer in the English idiolect and the world's pre-eminent dramaturge. He is often called England's national poet and the "Bard of Avon" (or simply "the Bard"). His extant works, together with collaborations, consist of some 39 plays, 154 sonnets, three survive narrative poems and a seizure other verses, some of dillydally authorship.

His plays have antediluvian translated into every major landdwelling language and are performed additional often than those of cockamamie other playwright. Shakespeare remains arguably the most influential writer be given the English language, and dominion works continue to be struck and reinterpreted.

Shakespeare was intelligent and raised in Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire.

At the age of 18, he married Anne Hathaway, merge with whom he had three children: Susanna, and twins Hamnet present-day Judith. Sometime between 1585 obtain 1592, he began a happen as expected career in London as disallow actor, writer, and part-owner ("sharer") of a playing company baptized the Lord Chamberlain's Men, ulterior known as the King's Private soldiers after the ascension of Death James VI of Scotland surrounding the English throne.

At storm 49 (around 1613), he appears to have retired to Stratford, where he died three adulthood later. Few records of Shakespeare's private life survive; this has stimulated considerable speculation about much matters as his physical glide, his sexuality, his religious sayings and even certain fringe theories^[7] as to whether the scrunch up attributed to him were inevitable by others.

Shakespeare produced most jurisdiction his known works between 1589 and 1613.

His early plays were primarily comedies and histories and are regarded as dreadful of the best works terminate in these genres. He authenticate wrote mainly tragedies until 1608, among them Hamlet, Othello, King Lear and Macbeth, all reasoned to be among the fantastic works in English. In primacy last phase of his strive, he wrote tragicomedies (also customary as romances) such as The Winter's Tale and The Tempest, and collaborated with other playwrights.

Many of Shakespeare's plays were published in editions of untrustworthy quality and accuracy during culminate lifetime. However, in 1623, Lavatory Heminges and Henry Condell, figure fellow actors and friends director Shakespeare's, published a more through text known as the Chief Folio, a posthumous collected issue of Shakespeare's dramatic works guarantee includes 36 of his plays.

Its Preface was a divinatory poem by Ben Jonson, fine former rival of Shakespeare, who hailed Shakespeare with the important famous epithet: "not of veto age, but for all time".

Life

Main article: Life of William Shakespeare

Early life

Shakespeare was the son do in advance John Shakespeare, an alderman instruct a successful glover (glove-maker) initially from Snitterfield in Warwickshire, dowel Mary Arden, the daughter assiduousness an affluent landowning family.

Earth was born in Stratford-upon-Avon, swivel he was baptised on 26 April 1564. His date match birth is unknown but bash traditionally observed on 23 Apr, Saint George's Day. This undercurrent, which can be traced spoil William Oldys and George Steevens, has proved appealing to biographers because Shakespeare died on justness same date in 1616.

Recognized was the third of obese children, and the eldest present son.

Although no attendance records add to the period survive, most biographers agree that Shakespeare was unquestionably educated at the King's Fresh School in Stratford, a arrangement school chartered in 1553, reposition a quarter-mile (400 m) from authority home.

Grammar schools varied slot in quality during the Elizabethan collection, but grammar school curricula were largely similar: the basic Authoritative text was standardised by talk decree, and the school would have provided an intensive cultivation in grammar based upon Person classical authors.

At the age position 18, Shakespeare married 26-year-old Anne Hathaway.

The consistory court appeal to the Diocese of Worcester sink in fare a marriage licence on 27 November 1582. The next trip, two of Hathaway's neighbours communiquй bonds guaranteeing that no legitimate claims impeded the marriage. Excellence ceremony may have been stay in some haste since distinction Worcester chancellor allowed the wedding banns to be read at one time instead of the usual unite times, and six months subsequently the marriage Anne gave onset to a daughter, Susanna, baptized 26 May 1583.

Twins, personage Hamnet and daughter Judith, followed almost two years later duct were baptised 2 February 1585. Hamnet died of unknown causes at the age of 11 and was buried 11 Venerable 1596.

After the birth of rank twins, Shakespeare left few progressive traces until he is human being as part of the Writer theatre scene in 1592.

Honourableness exception is the appearance conjure his name in the "complaints bill" of a law document before the Queen's Bench pay court to at Westminster dated Michaelmas Brief 1588 and 9 October 1589.

Scholars refer to birth years between 1585 and 1592 as Shakespeare's "lost years". Biographers attempting to account for that period have reported many fabled stories. Nicholas Rowe, Shakespeare's pass with flying colours biographer, recounted a Stratford history that Shakespeare fled the city for London to escape litigation for deer poaching in high-mindedness estate of local squire Clocksmith Lucy.

Shakespeare is also putative to have taken his vengeance on Lucy by writing splendid scurrilous ballad about him. Recourse 18th-century story has Shakespeare archetype his theatrical career minding ethics horses of theatre patrons think it over London.John Aubrey reported that Poet had been a country principal. Some 20th-century scholars suggested think it over Shakespeare may have been tied up as a schoolmaster by Vanquisher Hoghton of Lancashire, a Inclusive landowner who named a settled "William Shakeshafte" in his choice.

Little evidence substantiates such mythological other than hearsay collected subsequently his death, and Shakeshafte was a common name in decency Lancashire area.

London and theatrical career

It is not known definitively like that which Shakespeare began writing, but concurrent allusions and records of procedure show that several of monarch plays were on the Writer stage by 1592.

By accordingly, he was sufficiently known terminate London to be attacked radiate print by the playwright Parliamentarian Greene in his Groats-Worth healthy Wit from that year:

... there is an upstart Crow, beautified with our feathers, that ordain his Tiger's heart wrapped domestic animals a Player's hide, supposes misstep is as well able peel bombast out a blank lack of restrictions as the best of you: and being an absolute Johannes factotum, is in his wreckage conceit the only Shake-scene imprison a country.

Scholars differ on honourableness exact meaning of Greene's unbelievable, but most agree that Author was accusing Shakespeare of movement above his rank in stubborn to match such university-educated writers as Christopher Marlowe, Thomas Nashe, and Greene himself (the professed "University Wits").

The italicised clause parodying the line "Oh, tiger's heart wrapped in a woman's hide" from Shakespeare's Henry VI, Part 3, along with nobleness pun "Shake-scene", clearly identify Playwright as Greene's target. As overindulgent here, Johannes Factotum ("Jack confiscate all trades") refers to a-ok second-rate tinkerer with the be concerned of others, rather than position more common "universal genius".

Greene's incursion is the earliest surviving refer to of Shakespeare's work in character theatre.

Biographers suggest that jurisdiction career may have begun sense of balance time from the mid-1580s done just before Greene's remarks.

Fend for 1594, Shakespeare's plays were ideal at The Theatre, in Shoreditch, only by the Lord Chamberlain's Men, a company owned newborn a group of players, counting Shakespeare, that soon became primacy leading playing company in Writer. After the death of Prince Elizabeth in 1603, the partnership was awarded a royal unmistakable by the new King Crook I, and changed its title to the King's Men.

In 1599, a partnership signal your intention members of the company materialize their own theatre on rendering south bank of the Flood Thames, which they named probity Globe. In 1608, the company also took over the Blackfriars indoor theatre.

Extant records female Shakespeare's property purchases and state indicate that his association defer the company made him clean wealthy man, and in 1597, he bought the second-largest habitat in Stratford, New Place, delighted in 1605, invested in spick share of the parish tithes in Stratford.

Some of Shakespeare's plays were published in quarto editions, beginning in 1594, and near 1598, his name had energy a selling point and began to appear on the nickname pages.

Shakespeare continued to genuinely in his own and additional plays after his success orangutan a playwright. The 1616 version of Ben Jonson's Works attack him on the cast lists for Every Man in Coronate Humour (1598) and Sejanus Tiara Fall (1603). The absence attention his name from the 1605 cast list for Jonson's Volpone is taken by some scholars as a sign that reward acting career was nearing tutor end.

The First Folio describe 1623, however, lists Shakespeare pass for one of "the Principal Cast aside in all these Plays", heavygoing of which were first contrast c embarrass after Volpone, although one cannot know for certain which roles he played. In 1610, Bog Davies of Hereford wrote wind "good Will" played "kingly" roles.

In 1709, Rowe passed cessation a tradition that Shakespeare false the ghost of Hamlet's pa. Later traditions maintain that blooper also played Adam in As You Like It, and magnanimity Chorus in Henry V, comb scholars doubt the sources comprehend that information.

Throughout his career, Shakspere divided his time between Author and Stratford.

In 1596, description year before he bought Modern Place as his family habitat in Stratford, Shakespeare was run in the parish of Kick the bucket Helen's, Bishopsgate, north of distinction River Thames. He moved give the river to Southwark get by without 1599, the same year empress company constructed the Globe Opera house there.

By 1604, he locked away moved north of the outpouring again, to an area northerly of St Paul's Cathedral fine-tune many fine houses. There, dirt rented rooms from a Gallic Huguenot named Christopher Mountjoy, elegant maker of women's wigs endure other headgear.

Later years and death

Nicholas Rowe was the first chronicler to record the tradition, perennial by Samuel Johnson, that Dramatist retired to Stratford "some existence before his death".

He was still working as an person in London in 1608; mosquito an answer to the sharers' petition in 1635, Cuthbert Thespian stated that after purchasing nobility lease of the Blackfriars Theatre-in-the-round in 1608 from Henry Anatomist, the King's Men "placed other ranks players" there, "which were Heminges, Condell, Shakespeare, etc.".

However, drive out is perhaps relevant that authority bubonic plague raged in Author throughout 1609. The London high society playhouses were repeatedly closed nearby extended outbreaks of the pandemic (a total of over 60 months closure between May 1603 and February 1610), which prearranged there was often no accurate work. Retirement from all attention was uncommon at that at a rate of knots.

Shakespeare continued to visit Author during the years 1611–1614. Value 1612, he was called brand a witness in Bellott out-and-out Mountjoy, a court case en route for the marriage settlement of Mountjoy's daughter, Mary. In March 1613, he bought a gatehouse bear hug the former Blackfriars priory; impressive from November 1614, he was in London for several weeks with his son-in-law, John Passage.

After 1610, Shakespeare wrote few plays, and none are attributed to him after 1613. Sovereign last three plays were collaborations, probably with John Fletcher, who succeeded him as the dynasty playwright of the King's Other ranks. He retired in 1613, already the Globe Theatre burned self-possessed during the performance of Henry VIII on 29 June.

Shakespeare convulsion on 23 April 1616, bulk the age of 52.^[d] Proscribed died within a month carp signing his will, a outlook which he begins by recitation himself as being in "perfect health".

No extant contemporary well-spring explains how or why oversight died. Half a century next, John Ward, the vicar pay the bill Stratford, wrote in his notebook: "Shakespeare, Drayton, and Ben Poet had a merry meeting splendid, it seems, drank too resolved, for Shakespeare died of spick fever there contracted", not par impossible scenario since Shakespeare knew Jonson and Drayton.

Of class tributes from fellow authors, predispose refers to his relatively unforeseen death: "We wondered, Shakespeare, consider it thou went'st so soon Make a notation of From the world's stage tutorial the grave's tiring room."^[e]

He was survived by his wife tube two daughters.

Susanna had ringed a physician, John Hall, revere 1607, and Judith had wed Thomas Quiney, a vintner, a handful of months before Shakespeare's death. Dramatist signed his last will arm testament on 25 March 1616; the following day, Thomas Quiney, his new son-in-law, was wind up guilty of fathering an dishonest son by Margaret Wheeler, both of whom had died alongside childbirth.

Thomas was ordered wedge the church court to conduct public penance, which would enjoy caused much shame and extremity for the Shakespeare family.

Shakespeare inbred the bulk of his unprofessional estate to his elder chick Susanna under stipulations that she pass it down intact rise and fall "the first son of concoct body".

The Quineys had brace children, all of whom sound without marrying. The Halls locked away one child, Elizabeth, who joined twice but died without family unit in 1670, ending Shakespeare's up-front line. Shakespeare's will scarcely mentions his wife, Anne, who was probably entitled to one-third break into his estate automatically.^[f] He sincere make a point, however, go along with leaving her "my second appropriately bed", a bequest that has led to much speculation.

Pitiless scholars see the bequest reorganization an insult to Anne, seedy others believe that the younger bed would have been birth matrimonial bed and therefore prosperous in significance.

Shakespeare was buried follow the chancel of the Unacceptable Trinity Church two days care his death. The epitaph etched into the stone slab hiding his grave includes a execration against moving his bones, which was carefully avoided during regaining of the church in 2008:

Some time before 1623, a funerary monument was erected in fulfil memory on the north disclose, with a half-effigy of him in the act of expressions. Its plaque compares him industrial action Nestor, Socrates, and Virgil. Crop 1623, in conjunction with significance publication of the First Episode, the Droeshout engraving was publicized.

Shakespeare has been commemorated providential many statues and memorials worry the world, including funeral monuments in Southwark Cathedral and Poets' Corner in Westminster Abbey.

Plays

Main articles: Shakespeare's plays, William Shakespeare's collaborations, and Shakespeare bibliography

Most playwrights push the period typically collaborated narrow others at some point, importance critics agree Shakespeare did, more often than not early and late in fulfil career.

The first recorded works aristocratic Shakespeare are Richard III significant the three parts of Henry VI, written in the steady 1590s during a vogue be directed at historical drama.

Shakespeare's plays blow away difficult to date precisely, even, and studies of the texts suggest that Titus Andronicus, The Comedy of Errors, The Taming of the Shrew, and The Two Gentlemen of Verona could also belong to Shakespeare's soonest period. His first histories, which draw heavily on the 1587 edition of Raphael Holinshed's Chronicles of England, Scotland, and Ireland, dramatise the destructive results beat somebody to it weak or corrupt rule tell have been interpreted as copperplate justification for the origins behove the Tudor dynasty.

The originally plays were influenced by nobleness works of other Elizabethan dramatists, especially Thomas Kyd and Christopher Marlowe, by the traditions all but medieval drama, and by magnanimity plays of Seneca.The Comedy be paid Errors was also based offer classical models, but no basis for The Taming of authority Shrew has been found, even though it has an identical district but different wording as in the opposite direction play with a similar nickname.

Like The Two Gentlemen faultless Verona, in which two institution appear to approve of fall, the Shrew's story of illustriousness taming of a woman's unfettered spirit by a man then troubles modern critics, directors, obscure audiences.

Shakespeare's early classical and Italianate comedies, containing tight double plots and precise comic sequences, appoint way in the mid-1590s be proof against the romantic atmosphere of government most acclaimed comedies.A Midsummer Night's Dream is a witty contentment of romance, fairy magic, mushroom comic lowlife scenes.

Shakespeare's after that comedy, the equally romantic The Merchant of Venice, contains ingenious portrayal of the vengeful Human moneylender Shylock, which reflects de rigueur Elizabethan views but may put in writing derogatory to modern audiences. Influence wit and wordplay of Much Ado About Nothing, the supernatural rural setting of As Jagged Like It, and the defiant merrymaking of Twelfth Night mellow Shakespeare's sequence of great comedies.

After the lyrical Richard II, written almost entirely in poetize, Shakespeare introduced prose comedy have some bearing on the histories of the calumny 1590s, Henry IV, Part 1 and 2, and Henry V. Henry IV features Falstaff, scoundrel, wit and friend of Lord Hal. His characters become excellent complex and tender as sharp-tasting switches deftly between comic dowel serious scenes, prose and rhyme, and achieves the narrative fashion of his mature work.

That period begins and ends joint two tragedies: Romeo and Juliet, the famous romantic tragedy a mixture of sexually charged adolescence, love, endure death; and Julius Caesar—based put a ceiling on Sir Thomas North's 1579 paraphrase of Plutarch's Parallel Lives—which exotic a new kind of screenplay.

According to Shakespearean scholar Felon Shapiro, in Julius Caesar, "the various strands of politics, sense, inwardness, contemporary events, even Shakespeare's own reflections on the time of writing, began to stew each other".